Rudrite Explainers — any idea, made visible
Visual explainers spanning high-level system design down to line-by-line code walkthroughs — every idea redrawn, animated, and made legible. Free and open.
- Evals & Experimental Design
- Optimization Dynamics: Why Adam, Why Warmup, Why Cosine
- Mixture of Experts, Routed Honestly
- Design a Recommendation System (in the LLM Era)
- ML Reliability in Production
- GRPO Advantage: Z-Score Your Siblings, Line by Line
- GPU Arithmetic: the Numbers That Decide ML Systems
- What "Atomic" Means on a Filesystem vs. an Object Store
- Zero-RPC Sharding: How 1,000 Hosts Agree Who Writes Which Bytes
- The B-Tree Merge: Thousands of Checkpoint Files into One Atomic Manifest
- Quantization for Deployment
- How Qwix Quantizes Any Flax Model Without Touching Its Code
- GPTQ, Line by Line: Hessian-Based Weight Quantization
- The Post-Training Pipeline (SFT → RLHF → DPO)
- Scaling Laws, Honestly
- Design a RAG System
- Tracing → jaxpr: the One Trick Behind Every JAX Transform
- Sharding in JAX
- The SPMD Partitioner: One Program Across a Device Mesh
- The Checkpoint Lifecycle: What Happens Between save() and Durable
- Anatomy of a FlashAttention Kernel
- Inside XLA: ~200 Passes and the Fusion Decision
- How Google Spanner Works
- Design an LLM Serving Platform
- The Transformer, End to End
- Distributed Training, End to End
- Design a Feature Store
- A Write-Ahead Log You Can Implement in an Hour
- The GIL, Honestly
- Design a Stream Processor with Exactly-Once
- Design a Distributed Cache
- Back-of-the-Envelope: the Numbers That Design Systems
- Threads, Locks & the Anatomy of a Race
- Consistency, Quorums & CAP
- How to Design a System in 60 Minutes
- Rate Limiting: Four Algorithms, Honestly Compared
- Idempotency & the Exactly-Once Illusion
- Design Ad-Click Aggregation (Lambda vs Kappa)
- Design a DAG Job Scheduler
- Unique IDs at Scale
- From One Server to Millions of Users
- Consistent Hashing
- Design a Multi-Tenant Query Engine on Object Storage
- Design a Durable Key-Value Store
- Design a Metrics & Monitoring System
- Design S3-Like Object Storage
- Design a Distributed Message Queue
- Loading a Safetensors Checkpoint on a Multihost Cluster, Line by Line
- CPython’s queue.py, Line by Line
- How Redux createStore Works, Line by Line
- functools.lru_cache, Line by Line
- Python’s Dict, Under the Hood
- Python Gotchas That Fail Interviews
- Iterators, Generators & the Dunder Protocols
- Errors, Edge Cases & Testing in the Room
- Designing a Clean Python API Under Pressure
- Idiomatic Python
- Writing Python Interviewers Trust
- The RL Cluster: Five Roles, One Mesh Dial
- Anatomy of a Production JAX LLM Trainer
- jit(grad(vmap(f))): Why Transform Order Changes the Answer
- Params Are Data: the Functional Model Behind Flax